Cryptography
Cryptography is the science of securing communication and data in the presence of adversaries through the use of codes and ciphers. It encompasses techniques for ensuring confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of information, enabling secure transmission and storage of data. Modern cryptography includes symmetric-key encryption, public-key encryption, hash functions, and digital signatures, providing the foundation for secure communications, e-commerce, and the protection of sensitive data in various digital platforms.